Check out this new book by David Burkus on the myths of creativity. This may help novice entrepreneurs understand and more systematically go through the process of venture idea generation (and selection). Looking forward to the book release in 2014.

Monterrey, Mexico (August 15th and 16th) - Dr. Peter Vogel (Founder of The Entrepreneurs' Ship and Entrepreneurship researcher at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) was invited by the Cámara de la Industria de la Transformación en Nuevo Leon (CAINTRA) to give an executive training with policymakers, entrepreneurs and corporate CEOs on building a MedTech cluster in the region of Monterrey (Mexico). 





This two-day intensive training was composed of several different components including an in-depth cluster analysis of the Swiss MedTech Ecosystem, an analysis of the regional actors and factors in Monterrey that can form the basis to build a healthy MedTech cluster as well as possible avenues for innovative developments that are aligned with the cluster's strategy. 

We noticed that you got your inspiration from your travels to India. What happened in India that inspired you? Did you see another example similar to OUWA?
No, it was being confronted with two realities; one, that extreme poverty exists on a large scale, and two, that there are many people trying to do something about it. It made me want to do something about it. The idea for OUWA didn’t start forming until a couple of years later, and didn’t full come into focus until a solid 5+ years later. We did a lot of research. The model isn’t completely original in that the parts stem from other models; open educational resources, microfinance, cooperatives, etc. But it is a beautiful piece of recombinant innovation. 

What has been your motivation for your projects and who is your role model in the entrepreneurial world?
I don’t like problems. I see poverty as a problem. One that needs to be solved. I didn’t feel like people were truly stepping up and doing so in a way that would actually achieve 100% eradication. So I wanted to see what would happen if I put my soul, heart and brain to it. Think we are making progress. Pretty excited at this point. As far as a role model, I have had a few. The most poignant is Antonio Meloto, founder of Gawad Kaligna – the Philippines’ largest grassroots social business. 

Why did you choose Ghana for this project? Do you have any personal connection to this place?
Ghana was strategically the right environment to incubate this idea. It is stable, Anglophone, etc. 

What was your greatest achievement and biggest disappointment in your entrepreneurial career?
My greatest achievement to date has been mentoring a team that was the highest ranked startup (Global Startup Battle) in West Africa. Amazing idea, amazing team. My biggest disappointment has been the friends I have lost along the way. Building things is complicated. Egos get in the way. Disagreements about money get in the way. Being a social entrepreneur can really take its toll on your friendships. 

Your project is doing great and is very ambitious. However, if there was anything you could have done differently when starting up what would that have been?
I think we should have found a local co-founder from day one. 

How did you manage to make your project financially sustainable when you first started? And how do you intend to make it financial sustainable in the future as well? 
We are reinventing the model of the university. We focus on long-term revenue streams, not tuition. In the short term, we stay afloat by sharing the burden of aspects of our operating cost via the co-working/hub model. 

How do you think the entrepreneurial world has changed since you started? 
It seems like there is an emergence in the “cluster”, “hub”, etc. world. I think this collaborative, streamlining, trend is super positive. 

What are your next big steps with OUWA and what is your vision?
My vision is to see 1,000,000+++ students enrolled in nearly free higher education. To see 10,000,000 families find employment in our ecosystem. To end poverty. Our next big steps to do this will be to add faculties. Medicine (the PA program) is the first in line. Working with some amazing people on that. 

What advice would you give to up coming entrepreneurs? Both from getting an idea to making it happen and financial advice?  
Start. Pivot. 

Why did you decide to become an entrepreneur? 
I didn’t. It just happened. 

An economic and labor market crisis has plagued the world since 2008. The labor market slowdown is dramatic with a current deficit of around 50 million jobs, in comparison to the pre-crisis si­tuation (ILO, 2012). Policymakers around the world face critical challenges in reducing unemployment and poverty (Guillén, 2001). According to the ILO, 45% of the worlds’ employed live below the poverty line (below $1.25/day), a trend, which has worsened since the onset of the financial crisis. Further deterioration in the global economy may push as many as 200 million workers, mostly in developing economies, into extreme poverty. One of the UN Millenium Development Goals is that “full and productive employment and decent work must be achieved by all means”. 

The International Year of Youth (2011) came at a time of strategic importance. A lack of job opportunities disproportionately affects youth, permitting only a small percentage of these young men and women to follow their professional dreams. This trend prevails even during positive economic situations and is worse during bad economic times (ManpowerGroup, 2012). According to a recent report published by the International Labor Organization (ILO), of the 620 million economically active youth between the ages of 15 and 24, 81 million were out of work by the end of 2009. This was a noticeable increase of over 2% from the 2007 figures of 11.9%, therefore making it the highest rate ever. The ILO predicts that there will be a huge number of unemployed youth adding to this number (ILO, 2010). Youth population figures may more than double by 2050, with 90% of the world’s youth living in developing countries (Population Reference Bureau, PRB). “Young people are the drivers of economic development […]. Forgoing this potential is an economic waste and can undermine social stability”, stressed Mr. Juan Somavia, ILO’s General Director. 

The average youth unemployment rates in OECD countries are consistently in the range of 1.5 - 4.5 times higher than the adult unemployment rates (see figure below). There is not a single OECD country, which has a youth unemployment rate that is equal to or lower than the adult unemployment rate. The global ratio of youth unemployment to adult unemployment is 2.9. In certain countries, for example in Sweden and New Zealand, the youth unemployment rate is roughly four times as high as the adult unemployment rate. In other countries, such as Spain, Greece and Portugal, the total rates of youth unemployment have reached shocking numbers with every second young person being unemployed (ILO, 2012), a trend which has worsened rapidly in the past years.

There are already significant numbers of young people who would rather start their own business than work for someone else. Entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic prosperity and social well being, creating jobs and econo­mic competitiveness (Thurik & Wennekers, 2004; Monitor Company Group, 2009; ManpowerGroup, 2012).

In order to solve the youth unemployment challenge, we cannot rely on the large corporations to create sufficient amounts of jobs for the next generation. Instead, all stakeholders (policymakers, educators, large and small corporations and other support organizations) need to adapt and prepare the next generation to become job creators instead of job seekers. Youth entrepreneurship must be considered a critical pathway to decent work for young people and has to form a strategic component of national efforts to address youth unemployment. The number of entrepreneurship programs has rapidly increased in the past years; however, little knowledge exists about their inter-connection as well as their effectiveness. Picturing the components that make up an entrepreneurial ecosystem as well as providing measurement indices has been missing to date. 

The Entrepreneurs' Ship works with governments and universities to solve the challenge by establishing sustainable long-term strategies and the implementation of solutions.

The founder of The Entrepreneurs' Ship, Peter Vogel, recently gave a TED talk at the IMD in Lausanne.

In his presentation, Peter explores the future of the labor market and the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The technological revolution not only changed the way we work and live, but who we are. The “Next Generations” are facing the highest youth unemployment rates and at the same time employers have entered a fierce competition for talents. This huge challenge can only be solved by the next generation itself, in re-defining the labor market of the future. Establishing assessable and healthy entrepreneurial ecosystems has to become priority #1 of policymakers and practitioners if we want to ensure that the terminology “Lost Generation” will always remain a piece of history.

See the full talk:

The global labor market crisis for young people is getting worse and worse. Governments around the world are struggling to reduce unemployment. Special attention needs to be given to youth unemployment, as the earliest years on the labor market have the most significant impact on a persons' professional development. 

While employers argue that there is a war for talents and that universities do not produce enough talented workers, the unemployment rates in several developed countries are rising beyond what one has thought could be possible. The scariest chart of the labor market has now become even more scary!

Source: Eurostat

More than 75 million young people were unemployed in late 2010 (UN World Youth Report 2012). This is a trend that disproportionately affects the developed world, which might sound somewhat counter-intuitive if we consider the shrinking birth-rates. However, there are some logical reasons for this trend:

• An aging population.
• Pension systems that cannot afford financing people for 30 years or more after having paid into the system for maybe 30-35 years.
• An older generation that therefore needs to and wants to work longer.
• An academization of the younger generations as a result of the misconception that everyone needs to go to university in order to become successful.
• A mismatch between what is being taught at schools and universities and what is being required on the labor market.
• A lack of experience among the younger generations and at the same time a lack of available jobs for younger people to develop their professional track-record and gain work experience.
• An increase of productivity and automation in the manufacturing industry leading to job-cuts
• Universities that are too ignorant to develop function career-guidance services that help their students prepare for the labor market.

If no suitable labor market incentives are identified, the result will be economic waste as well as an undermined social stability and a marginalization of the local workforce, a valuable natural resource for any country. Entrepreneurship is one of many active labor market policies that need to be focused on. Supporting young people in gaining work experience through starting projects and companies is an effective mechanism to by-pass the challenges of getting an entry-level position. Of course, not everyone is made for entrepreneurship. However, by helping young people realize entrepreneurial projects and ideas, relevant skills for the general labor market are being learned.

In an interesting and discussion-spurring talk by Karen Wilson (EFER) at the REE Europe at Aalto University, she summarized the following myths, which we wanted to share with you:

Entrepreneurship = Business

• Lots of the entrepreneurship courses are provided exclusively at business schools
  
• Many growth entrepreneurs come from engineering, science and arts and medicine.
  
• Reality: Entrepreneurship is cross-disciplinary and must be taught that way
  

Entrepreneurship = start-ups

• Many universities neglect to teach students about how to grow companies
  
• Realty: More focus must be put on growing companies, not just starting them which is relatively easy in comparison
  

Measure of success = students becoming entrepreneurs upon graduation

• Kauffmann research shows the average age of entrepreneurs is 39
  
• Reality: Students must be taught entrepreneurial skills, attitudes and behaviors which can be applied throughout their life
  

Technology Transfer as a “gold mine”

• Only a handful of universities in the world excel and are profitable with technology transfer
  
• TTOs can often become bottlenecks
  

Innovation = R&D

• Innovation is much broader than R&D. OECD data shows a large amount of non-technology innovation
  
• Pouring more money into R&D will not necessarily yield more innovation
  
• Reality: Too often there is a disconnect between Innovation and Entrepreneurship Policy

At each and every startup event we attend and talk to people who are interested in starting a company but somewhat do not know where and how to start, we consistently get confronted with the same questions such as "Where do I find a good idea?" or "Do you have a good idea for me?" statements such as "I would really want to start a company, but I don't know what to do...". Therefore, we have decided to dedicate an article on this topic. 

As we all know, a business starts with an initial idea which, due to the individuals' action becomes re-iterated and eventually develops into a real business opportunity which can either be exploited or not. So far so good. But where do people get these very initial ideas from? Well, there are obviously many different approaches for this and it varies from person to person and idea to idea. When it comes to starting a business, there are always three things (not necessarily in this sequential order) the entrepreneur has to do: 

1. Come up with an idea
   
2. Take the general decision whether or not he or she wants to become an entrepreneur
   
3. Figure out how to actually start a company...
   

So how exactly do you come up with a good business idea, or any idea at all? Well, business ideas are everywhere and all around you. You only need to put your idea generation hat on and start seeing the different possibilities which are all around you. While some ideas come from a systematic analysis of market trends and customer needs, others come up serendipitously. You might also receive an idea from one of your contacts and friends. It could, however, also just be a result of purposeful search for an idea. 

The most important and first question you should ask yourself is whether or not there exists a specific problem you would like to address. Is there something which you dislike in everyday life? Something you think should be done a lot better or different in order to facilitate things? This is a great first step. However, if you cannot come up with an idea right now, don't worry. There are also more systematic approaches of how to find an idea. 

Other questions you can ask yourself and things you can do to quickly find a suitable business idea:

• Do you have a specific talent or proven track record which could serve as a basis for a business? 
  
• Do you surround yourself with inspiring people? Do you have entrepreneurs in your network who could help you out? No? Then simply attend some startup event and join networks to get access to such individuals. Do you enjoy playing with ideas and discuss them with your friends and family?
  
• Do you participate in conferences and networking events in your domain of expertise? These are good sources for ideas. We're not saying that you should steal ideas away from others (unless they're of course really really good) but for sure you'll get inspired by them. 
  
• If you're very imaginative, creative or tech-savvy you can of course invent a new product or service. This goes back to the point of "Is there anything which you would do different if you could?" This, however, doesn't have to be a disruptive innovation but can also be an incremental innovation starting from an existing product or service which you want to improve. 
• Look around also in markets or industries which you are not so much familiar with at the moment. This will not only broaden your horizon but most likely offer potential of transferring knowledge and approaches into your own market or industry. 
• Try to figure out where the trends are going. Ideally you are at the forefront of the trend and can quickly react to implement one of the early versions of a solution. 

In the following we will showcase a few quotes from entrepreneurs about how they got to their business ideas:

• Miral Kotb (Founder of iLuminate): “It was at the Apple developers conference in 2009. They were talking about how wireless devices were something you could place in different places, like kids' toys. And I thought, "What if you could connect to dancers wirelessly on stage?" Then it turned into, what if there were lights on the body, and you could turn the lights on and off to react to the movement and the music? Then I started exploring the programming of the lights, the choreography and music, how to make people appear and disappear. That’s how the idea of iLuminate came to be”
• Fred de Luca (Founder of Subway): “I was working at the hardware store in the Bronx and needed money for college. My parents took me to a family friend and I thought he is doing well, so I will ask him if he has any good ideas for college, kind of hoping he would reach into his pocket pulling out a stack of 100 dollar bills and give them to me. I said: Pete, what should I do? Very simply he said: You should open a submarine sandwich shop. After he saw that I got enthusiastic about this very simple idea, he handed me over a 1000 dollar check and said that he would become my co-founder.” 
• Krishna Barat (Creator of Google News): “It was right after September 11, a lot of people were reading news and to keep up with what was happening, they had to go to multiple sources of information and I realized that the process of tracking a story from different sources was currently very inefficient. I thought it was part of Google’s role and mandate to figure out how to make this process more efficient. So we created Google News to aggregate all information in one place to make the process of reading news more efficient.”
• Joe Kraus (Co-Founder of Excite): “We decided to start a company together before we had any idea what we were going to work on…we met at a restaurant and started brainstorming. We came up with a bunch of bad ideas until one of us said: Why don’t we do something in the search space. All that stuff was built in the 50s. There’s got to be an opportunity to do something there”. This brainstorming developed into one of the most visited websites of the 90s. 

As you can see, it doesn't really matter who you are, where you're from and what your current situation is. You can find many prominent examples of individuals who were in exactly the same situation as you are now and started some of the most amazing companies in history. Good Luck with yours...

What if 10% of the bailout payments had been invested in seed funding startups and supporting small firms, instead of supporting large banks and firms?

As an entrepreneur as well as a PhD student in the field of entrepreneurship, in thinking about the decisions made by politicians during the recent economic crisis to help the economy recover, I started thinking about the role that entrepreneurs play.

Entrepreneurs are the ones that are implementing change through their innovative ideas. But these people alone cannot be held responsible for creating the next steps in societal evolution. There are many varied factors that influence entrepreneurship, ranging from economic and political to socio-cultural ones. Therefore, when discussing entrepreneurs as the agents of change, it is at least as important to discuss the environment in which they want to, or have to, create these changes. Which are the changes that have to happen on a political level to fosters entrepreneurship and promote entrepreneurially-minded people in their endeavors?

This essay constitutes a critical reflection on this issue in the context of the current economic crisis by looking at decisions made by policymakers to partially re-establish the status quo ante, bridging to the importance of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs as the driving motors for economic, technological and social change. To sum up, an explanation is given for why policymakers should put more emphasis on the entrepreneurs and not so much on the economic giants, and tangible suggestions are made for future policy incentives.

Economic Crisis
To create the contextual framework for my arguments, I have chosen the current economic crisis as this is the most recent example of how politicians have failed to be role-model entrepreneurs. 

The past years have been dominated by the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in the 1930s.[1] It has led not only to the break-down of some of the major banks but subsequently also contributed to a threatening situation for firms in other industries. In the United States alone the unemployment rate has doubled from December 2007 (5%) until December 2009 (10%).[9]  Some experts believe that the peak in unemployment is yet to be reached in mid-2010.[19] 

Governments around the world have committed more than $2.6 trillion to immediately bail out banks and jump-start growth.[2]  By doing so, they promoted the preservation of the status quo ante, being anxious about but also lacking the concepts for major changes. In addition, they also moved back into the economic playground in an attempt to stabilize the economic turmoil. This step was unexpected as the role of the state had become in many industrialized countries around the world one of a rather supervisory instrument for economic activities. But instead of leading to major changes in the system (like after the Great Depression), these political interventions were only methods to adjust and control the pre-crisis system by direct government involvement in major banks and companies. The question arises whether or not this step was the right one or whether lessons should be learned for the future with potentially alternative scenarios.

Joseph Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Prize laureate from the University of Columbia, claimed that “we have little to lose, and much to gain, by breaking up these behemoths, which are not just too big to fail, but also too big to save and too big to manage”. He emphasized the importance of “not going back to the world as it was before the crisis” but rather thinking about “the kind of system we want to have going forward.”[3] 

Economic Renewal
Through a constant renewal process in the economy most old firms get replaced by new firms.

On average only 3 percent of companies survive longer than 75 years.[4] There are only a few exceptional firms, the Methuselahs, which have survived for several centuries such as Kongō Gumi (founded in 578 A.D.), Royal Delft (1653 A.D.), and the Swiss winemaker Fonjallaz (1552 A.D.). 

This low percentage clearly indicates that there is a constant change taking place in the economic world. It is exactly these processes that lead to the renewal of the actors in this economic play that allow mankind to advance by economic, technological and social alterations of existing solutions. These new actors identify opportunities based on information gathering, sorting and recombining. There are various sources of renewal through which entrepreneurs identify and explore opportunities: urbanization, population dynamics, educational infrastructure, and technological, political, regulatory, socio-demographic as well as economic changes.[5] 

Periods of economic crises speed up this renewal process as extensive opportunities are created and innovative startups are born while consumers critically judge existing products and services of established firms. Well-over half of the 2009 Fortune 500 firms, and just under half of the 2008 Inc. firms, began during a recession or bear market.[23] 

So who are these people that keep the wheel of economic renewal spinning and what are the environmental factors that influence this process?

The Old View on Economic Growth and Prosperity and the Rising Awareness of Entrepreneurship
Several decades ago, public policy was only looking at great corporations as the engines for economic growth. What has happened since then and what is the current belief?

Robert Solow, who won the 1987 Nobel prize for his work, had described physical capital and labor as the two factors influencing economic growth. Based on this theory, western economists and policy-makers clearly focused on large-scale enterprises as small firms were less efficient, had lower levels of employee compensation and were rarely involved in innovation.[10] 

Following the globalization Paul Romer added the knowledge capital in addition to physical capital. Still, entrepreneurship had no real place in this knowledge-based Romer economy.[11, 12] 

It was researchers such as Birch, Acs, Audretsch, Baumol, Litan, Saxenian, and Shane that have brought forward the importance of entrepreneurship, adding the endowments of entrepreneurial capital to those of labor, physical and knowledge capital. According to Edward Lazear (Standford University), “the entrepreneur is the single most important player in a modern economy.”[20]  Audretsch had found a positive and robust correlation between entrepreneurship and economic performance in terms of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change, productivity increases and exports.[13] 

As a result, policymakers started to realize the importance of entrepreneurship. One example of policy action to support entrepreneurship was the 2000 Lisbon Proclamation from the European Council of Europe which made it clear that, in order to ensure prosperity, Europe wants to become the world’s entrepreneurship leader by 2020.[10]  

"Entrepreneurs sense opportunities and take risks in the face of uncertainty to open new markets, design new products, and develop innovative processes."[15] 

Entrepreneurship is a primary source of job creation, prosperity and economic competitiveness.[6] In fact, the average US net employment growth rate between 1980 and 2005 would have been negative when neglecting those jobs created by newly founded firms.[7, 8, 14] In 2003, SMEs accounted for roughly 66% of employment within the EU (34% from micro enterprises with less than 10 employees).[21] In addition, job creation from startups is much less volatile and sensitive to downturns than job creation in the entire economy.[23] Entrepreneurship has direct economic, social and political benefits. It creates new companies which ensure economic competitiveness; it creates new organizational forms within the newly established firms transforming their employees to more valuable and more productive citizens; it has a socioeconomic impact as well as a peaceful function in establishing cross-border relationships, integrating immigrant and marginal communities, and distributing shares in the economy to a broader community.[6] 

Coming back to the question who these people are that drive economic change and renewal, we have strong evidence suggesting that it is the entrepreneurs who ensure that the economic wheel continues to turn, generating jobs, bringing prosperity and perspectives to our society.

Political Implications and Suggestions to Foster Entrepreneurship
Based on this information, I would like to come back to the question asked in the introduction. Which changes have to happen on a political level in order to make sure that entrepreneurs will continue to strive to make a change in society?

Promoting entrepreneurship is a difficult and multi-faceted issue, as there is no “one best way” to foster opportunity identification and exploitation as well as the successful establishment of a company. It is important to understand the underlying conditions that entrepreneurs face in particular countries, regions or industries in order to establish functioning support programs. Various factors influence entrepreneurship as well as the personal decision to become an entrepreneur: Economic factors include wealth of society, economic stability, functional stock markets, capital availability and taxes; political factors are related to the freedom of people, laws, property rights, a functioning infrastructure, administrative burdens, as well as centralization of power; some socio-cultural issues are norms, entrepreneurial education, and the availability of role models.[5, 6] 

As a result of policy activities undertaken during the current economic crisis experts have debated on what has to be done to quickly heal our system, the solution of which was all but satisfying. Instead of changing existing structures to improve the system, the status quo ante was to a large extent re-established leaving the new generation of leaders with the risk of a repetition of what we have just experienced. 

So what can policymakers really do and what do they have to do, in order to make a real change of the entire economic system and not only for a few firms? Coming back to the framework I have set, namely the current economic crisis, I want to address and suggest immediate actions as well as long-term actions.

a)      Immediate actions

• Financially support startups with bailout money: The Monitor Entrepreneurship Survey found that 52% of entrepreneurs worldwide said there is sufficient capital to grow a firm, but only 37% said there is enough seed funding to actually start a firm. Governments could promote a large variety of startups with controlled seed funding, bringing innovation and change to society as well as creating tomorrow’s jobs, most likely accelerating the healing process in the post-crisis phase. This can be done by dedicating just a small percentage of the bailout package to startups. First programs are already under investigation. The US government is currently debating about dedicating a $30 billion bailout package to small firms; thus clearly signaling that it is the small and new firms which are the future of the economy. [18]
• Support the unemployed transition to self-employment: Governments in modern industrialized societies face critical challenges to reduce unemployment, often relying on market based approaches, or on regulatory and institutional approaches.[22] Various countries have established programs designed to support the transition of the unemployed into self-employment. Yet, there are still large variations across these programs.

b)      Long-term

• Create room for entrepreneurship in the economy: Increase the accessibility of markets for entrepreneurs by lowering the entry barriers and preventing predominant market positions of major players. Governments have to promote competitive, open, and flexible markets which are critical issues for innovation and entrepreneurship.
• Increase financial and information resources: As described above, it is mainly seed funding which is required to successfully launch the average startup. Therefore, more emphasis should be put on seed funding, subsidies, grants and loans rather than venture capital, which mostly benefits the growth of a firm but not its establishment in the first place.
• Subsidize R&D: This will be an important step to promote the gathering of leading technologies within a country to establish a self-accelerating environment of R&D. 
• Development of an entrepreneurial culture: It is important to educate the entrepreneurs of tomorrow early enough, as certain personality traits associated with successful entrepreneurship can be formed, modified and trained, if only started early enough. Therefore, children and students should be exposed to entrepreneurship by their teachers and professors as well as media.
• Decision-making: The fact that an opportunity exists does not in itself imply that an individual will exploit it. It is rather the entire environment in combination with the existence of an opportunity that causes the person to decide to exploit this opportunity. Issues such as taxation, social security as well as bankruptcy policies must be adjusted in order to lower the psychological and administrative hurdles for people to move into self-employment.

In this brief essay I aimed to express my personal opinion on the importance of entrepreneurship for the future advancement of society, based on some historical, theoretical as well as practical insights. Instead of moving back to the time of Solow and Romer, the political leaders should be visionary entrepreneurs themselves, taking the risk of facing uncertainty to let the wheel of economy spin in order to lead and initiate a renewal process. 

- Peter Vogel - 

Bibliography 

1. Three Top Economists Agree 2009 Worst Financial Crisis since Great Depression; Risks Increase if Right Steps are Not Taken (http://ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/13022009/34/biz-f-business-wire-three-top-economists-agree-2009-worst-financial-crisis.html), Business Wire News Database.
   
2. Employment Situation Summary (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2010. 
3. Federal Reserve Bank of San Fransisco (http://www.frbsf.org/economics/).
4. Adding up The Global Bailout, 2008, Bloomberg Business Week. 
5. Stiglitz, J.E., Too Big to Fail or Too Big to Save? Examining the Systemic Threats of Large Financial Institutions, Speech at the Joint Economic Committee of Congress, April 2009. 
6. Die Greise der Unternehmenswelt (http://sc.tagesanzeiger.ch/dyn/news/wirtschaft/611740.html), Februar 2006.
7. Shane, S., A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, the Individual-Opportunity Nexus, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2003.
8. Stangler, D., “The Economic Future Just Happened,” Ewing Marion Kauffmann Foundation, June 2009. 
9. Audretsch, D. B., “The entrepreneurial society”, Journal of Technology Transfer, 2009.
10. Solow, R., A contribution to theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94, 1956.
11. Romer, P., Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002–1037, 1986. 
12. Birch, D., “The Job Generation Process”, Cambridge, MA: Center for the Study of Neighborhood and Regional Change, MIT, 1979. 
13. Lazear, E. P., “Entrepreneurship,” National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper 9109, August 2002.
14. Audretsch, D. B., “The Dynamic Role of Small Firms: Evidence from the U.S.,” Small Business Economics, 2002. 
15. UK Government White Paper on Competitiveness (http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-of-Entrepreneurs&id=1033297).
16. Paths to Prosperity: Promoting Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century, Monitor Group, 2009.
17. Haltiwanger, J., R. Jarmin, and J. Miranda, Jobs Created from Business Startups in the United States, Business Dynamics Statistics 8BDS) of the US Census Bureau, 2009. 
18. Dencker, J. C., M. Gruber, and S. K. Shah, Individual and Opportunity Factors Influencing Job Creation in New Firms, Academy of Management Journal, 2009. 
19. Advocacy: The Voice of Small Business in Governments, http://www.sba.gov/advo/stats/sbfaq.pdf. 
20. Eurostat 2003.
21. Small Firms may get $30 billion in bailout aid (http://ori.msnbc.msn.com/id/34482451/) Associated Press, December 18th, 2009. 
22. Guillén, M. F., ”Is globalization civilizing, destructive or feeble?,” Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 235-260, 2001.

We came across this recent posting on the website of the Insead Global Innovation Index 2012. This is an annual publication that ranks countries in terms of their enabling environment to innovation and their innovation outputs.

Switzerland, Sweden, Singapore: do you need to start with an S to be an innovation champion? And if so, what does it stand for: small size (they all have between 5 and 10 million inhabitants), swiftness, serendipity, skills? … or maybe simplicity? 

Read the full article here. The link to the overall ranking can be found here.